MODERNIZATION OF HEAT SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN THE RESIDENTIAL SECTOR OF UKRAINE: CHALLENGES, TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS AND ENERGY-EFFICIENT MEASURES

Abstract

The article examines the current state of heat supply systems in the residential sector of Ukraine as one of the major consumers of energy resources. Emphasis is placed on the critical deterioration of heat networks, technological obsolescence of equipment, significant heat losses and low energy efficiency. The main factors aggravating the situation include socio-economic instability, rising energy prices, stricter environmental requirements and the consequences of armed aggression. The necessity of comprehensive modernization of heat supply systems is substantiated, particularly through thermal retrofitting of networks, implementation of automated control systems and the transition to more efficient and environmentally friendly technologies. Attention is drawn to the long-standing problem of centralized heating systems based on uninsulated pipelines, which historically led to substantial energy losses and reduced system efficiency. An analysis of the experience of developed European countries, including Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and the Netherlands, demonstrates effective approaches to modern heat supply organization. Heat supply systems in these countries are designed with consideration of climatic conditions and relevant standards, such as DIN EN 12831. The use of pre-insulated underground pipelines and next-generation materials, including PE-RT polyethylene, ensures reduced heat losses, improved reliability, durability and overall energy efficiency. These solutions support sustainable development objectives, improve operational performance and contribute to long-term resilience of district heating infrastructure. The proposed approaches are applicable to urban and regional systems under current technical and regulatory constraints.